Michele Alboreto
Michele Alboreto is an Italian Formula 1 driver with 194 race starts from 1981 to 1994, 5 wins, 2 pole positions, 23 podiums and 186.5 championship points.
Alboreto's first start was the 1981 San Marino Grand Prix for Tyrrell, from 17th on the grid, ending in a retirement. The first win came at the 1982 Caesars Palace Grand Prix for Tyrrell, in the 26th start, from 3rd on the grid. The most recent of the 5 wins was the 1985 German Grand Prix. The best season was 1985: 2nd in the championship with 53 points, 2 wins and 8 podiums, for Ferrari. The longest team-mate pairing was with Stefan Johansson, 32 races: Alboreto finished ahead 12 times to 14 when both were classified, and out-qualified Johansson 26 times to 6. 92 of the 194 starts ended in a retirement (47%), and Alboreto led 218 laps in total.
- Nationality
- Italian
- Born
- 23 Dec 1956
- Active
- 1981 to 1994, 14 seasons
- Teams
- Tyrrell, Ferrari, Larrousse, Arrows, Footwork, Lola, Minardi
| Starts | Wins | Poles | Podiums | Fastest laps | Laps led | Points | DNFs | Best finish | Best championship |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 194 | 5 | 2 | 23 | 4 | 218 | 186.5 | 92 | 1st | 2nd |
First win: 1982 Caesars Palace Grand Prix. Most recent win: 1985 German Grand Prix. Win rate 2.6% of starts.
Compare with team-mates: Stefan Johansson, Gerhard Berger, René Arnoux, Pierluigi Martini, Danny Sullivan, Aguri Suzuki, Brian Henton, Alex Caffi, Eddie Cheever, Luca Badoer, Jonathan Palmer. Or anyone else.
Season by season
Explained: how points and the championships work · how the points system changed since 1950 · the closest and most one-sided team-mate pairings.
| Season | Team | Races | Wins | Poles | Podiums | Points | Championship |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1994 | Minardi | 16 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 25th |
| 1993 | Lola | 9 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 29th |
| 1992 | Footwork | 16 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 10th |
| 1991 | Footwork | 9 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 35th |
| 1990 | Arrows | 13 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 24th |
| 1989 | Tyrrell, Larrousse | 10 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 6 | 13th |
| 1988 | Ferrari | 16 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 24 | 5th |
| 1987 | Ferrari | 16 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 17 | 7th |
| 1986 | Ferrari | 16 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 14 | 9th |
| 1985 | Ferrari | 16 | 2 | 1 | 8 | 53 | 2nd |
| 1984 | Ferrari | 16 | 1 | 1 | 4 | 30.5 | 4th |
| 1983 | Tyrrell | 15 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 10 | 12th |
| 1982 | Tyrrell | 16 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 25 | 8th |
| 1981 | Tyrrell | 10 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 27th |
By team
| Team | Years | Starts | Wins | Poles | Podiums | Laps led | Points |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tyrrell | 1981–1989 | 46 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 34 | 41 |
| Ferrari | 1984–1988 | 80 | 3 | 2 | 19 | 184 | 138.5 |
| Larrousse | 1989 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Arrows | 1990 | 13 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Footwork | 1991–1992 | 25 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6 |
| Lola | 1993 | 9 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Minardi | 1994 | 16 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
All 5 wins
| # | Race | Circuit | Team | Grid |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 1982 Caesars Palace Grand Prix | Las Vegas Street Circuit | Tyrrell | 3 |
| 2 | 1983 Detroit Grand Prix | Detroit Street Circuit | Tyrrell | 6 |
| 3 | 1984 Belgian Grand Prix | Zolder | Ferrari | 1 |
| 4 | 1985 Canadian Grand Prix | Circuit Gilles Villeneuve | Ferrari | 3 |
| 5 | 1985 German Grand Prix | Nürburgring | Ferrari | 8 |
Every race
| Race | Team | Grid | Finish | Status | Points |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1994 Australian Grand Prix | Minardi | 16 | R | Suspension | 0 |
| 1994 Japanese Grand Prix | Minardi | 21 | R | Spun off | 0 |
| 1994 European Grand Prix | Minardi | 20 | 14 | +2 Laps | 0 |
| 1994 Portuguese Grand Prix | Minardi | 19 | 13 | +2 Laps | 0 |
| 1994 Italian Grand Prix | Minardi | 22 | R | Gearbox | 0 |
| 1994 Belgian Grand Prix | Minardi | 18 | 9 | +1 Lap | 0 |
| 1994 Hungarian Grand Prix | Minardi | 20 | 7 | +2 Laps | 0 |
| 1994 German Grand Prix | Minardi | 23 | R | Collision | 0 |
| 1994 British Grand Prix | Minardi | 17 | R | Engine | 0 |
| 1994 French Grand Prix | Minardi | 21 | R | Engine | 0 |
| 1994 Canadian Grand Prix | Minardi | 18 | 11 | +2 Laps | 0 |
| 1994 Spanish Grand Prix | Minardi | 14 | R | Engine | 0 |
| 1994 Monaco Grand Prix | Minardi | 12 | 6 | +1 Lap | 1 |
| 1994 San Marino Grand Prix | Minardi | 15 | R | Wheel | 0 |
| 1994 Pacific Grand Prix | Minardi | 15 | R | Collision | 0 |
| 1994 Brazilian Grand Prix | Minardi | 22 | R | Engine | 0 |
| 1993 Portuguese Grand Prix | Lola | 25 | R | Gearbox | 0 |
| 1993 Italian Grand Prix | Lola | 21 | R | Suspension | 0 |
| 1993 Belgian Grand Prix | Lola | 25 | 14 | +3 Laps | 0 |
| 1993 Hungarian Grand Prix | Lola | 25 | R | Overheating | 0 |
| 1993 German Grand Prix | Lola | 26 | 16 | +2 Laps | 0 |
| 1993 British Grand Prix | Lola | PL | F | Did not qualify | 0 |
| 1993 French Grand Prix | Lola | PL | F | Did not qualify | 0 |
| 1993 Canadian Grand Prix | Lola | PL | F | Did not qualify | 0 |
| 1993 Monaco Grand Prix | Lola | 24 | R | Gearbox | 0 |
| 1993 Spanish Grand Prix | Lola | PL | F | Did not qualify | 0 |
| 1993 San Marino Grand Prix | Lola | PL | F | Did not qualify | 0 |
| 1993 European Grand Prix | Lola | 24 | 11 | +6 Laps | 0 |
| 1993 Brazilian Grand Prix | Lola | 25 | 11 | +3 Laps | 0 |
| 1993 South African Grand Prix | Lola | 21 | R | Overheating | 0 |
| 1992 Australian Grand Prix | Footwork | 11 | R | Engine | 0 |
| 1992 Japanese Grand Prix | Footwork | 24 | 15 | +2 Laps | 0 |
| 1992 Portuguese Grand Prix | Footwork | 8 | 6 | +1 Lap | 1 |
| 1992 Italian Grand Prix | Footwork | 16 | 7 | +1 Lap | 0 |
| 1992 Belgian Grand Prix | Footwork | 14 | R | Gearbox | 0 |
| 1992 Hungarian Grand Prix | Footwork | 7 | 7 | +2 Laps | 0 |
| 1992 German Grand Prix | Footwork | 17 | 9 | +1 Lap | 0 |
| 1992 British Grand Prix | Footwork | 12 | 7 | +1 Lap | 0 |
| 1992 French Grand Prix | Footwork | 14 | 7 | +1 Lap | 0 |
| 1992 Canadian Grand Prix | Footwork | 16 | 7 | +1 Lap | 0 |
| 1992 Monaco Grand Prix | Footwork | 11 | 7 | +1 Lap | 0 |
| 1992 San Marino Grand Prix | Footwork | 9 | 5 | +1 Lap | 2 |
| 1992 Spanish Grand Prix | Footwork | 16 | 5 | +1 Lap | 2 |
| 1992 Brazilian Grand Prix | Footwork | 14 | 6 | +1 Lap | 1 |
| 1992 Mexican Grand Prix | Footwork | 25 | 13 | +4 Laps | 0 |
| 1992 South African Grand Prix | Footwork | 17 | 10 | +2 Laps | 0 |
| 1991 Australian Grand Prix | Footwork | 15 | 13 | Finished | 0 |
| 1991 Japanese Grand Prix | Footwork | PL | F | Did not qualify | 0 |
| 1991 Spanish Grand Prix | Footwork | 24 | R | Engine | 0 |
| 1991 Portuguese Grand Prix | Footwork | 22 | 15 | +3 Laps | 0 |
| 1991 Italian Grand Prix | Footwork | PL | F | Did not qualify | 0 |
| 1991 Belgian Grand Prix | Footwork | PL | F | Did not prequalify | 0 |
| 1991 Hungarian Grand Prix | Footwork | PL | F | Did not qualify | 0 |
| 1991 German Grand Prix | Footwork | PL | F | Did not qualify | 0 |
| 1991 British Grand Prix | Footwork | 26 | R | Transmission | 0 |
| 1991 French Grand Prix | Footwork | 25 | R | Gearbox | 0 |
| 1991 Mexican Grand Prix | Footwork | 26 | R | Engine | 0 |
| 1991 Canadian Grand Prix | Footwork | 21 | R | Throttle | 0 |
| 1991 Monaco Grand Prix | Footwork | 22 | R | Engine | 0 |
| 1991 San Marino Grand Prix | Footwork | PL | F | Did not qualify | 0 |
| 1991 Brazilian Grand Prix | Footwork | PL | F | Did not qualify | 0 |
| 1991 United States Grand Prix | Footwork | 25 | R | Engine | 0 |
| 1990 Australian Grand Prix | Arrows | PL | F | Did not qualify | 0 |
| 1990 Japanese Grand Prix | Arrows | 24 | R | Engine | 0 |
| 1990 Spanish Grand Prix | Arrows | 25 | 10 | +2 Laps | 0 |
| 1990 Portuguese Grand Prix | Arrows | 19 | 9 | +1 Lap | 0 |
| 1990 Italian Grand Prix | Arrows | 22 | 12 | Spun off | 0 |
| 1990 Belgian Grand Prix | Arrows | 26 | 13 | +1 Lap | 0 |
| 1990 Hungarian Grand Prix | Arrows | 22 | 12 | +2 Laps | 0 |
| 1990 German Grand Prix | Arrows | 19 | R | Engine | 0 |
| 1990 British Grand Prix | Arrows | 25 | R | Engine | 0 |
| 1990 French Grand Prix | Arrows | 18 | 10 | +1 Lap | 0 |
| 1990 Mexican Grand Prix | Arrows | 17 | 17 | +3 Laps | 0 |
| 1990 Canadian Grand Prix | Arrows | 14 | R | Collision | 0 |
| 1990 Monaco Grand Prix | Arrows | PL | F | Did not qualify | 0 |
| 1990 San Marino Grand Prix | Arrows | PL | F | Did not qualify | 0 |
| 1990 Brazilian Grand Prix | Arrows | 23 | R | Suspension | 0 |
| 1990 United States Grand Prix | Arrows | 21 | 10 | +2 Laps | 0 |
| 1989 Australian Grand Prix | Larrousse | PL | F | Did not prequalify | 0 |
| 1989 Japanese Grand Prix | Larrousse | PL | F | Did not qualify | 0 |
| 1989 Spanish Grand Prix | Larrousse | PL | F | Did not prequalify | 0 |
| 1989 Portuguese Grand Prix | Larrousse | 21 | 11 | +2 Laps | 0 |
| 1989 Italian Grand Prix | Larrousse | 13 | R | Electrical | 0 |
| 1989 Belgian Grand Prix | Larrousse | 22 | R | Collision | 0 |
| 1989 Hungarian Grand Prix | Larrousse | 26 | R | Engine | 0 |
| 1989 German Grand Prix | Larrousse | 26 | R | Electrical | 0 |
| 1989 Canadian Grand Prix | Tyrrell | 20 | R | Electrical | 0 |
| 1989 United States Grand Prix | Tyrrell | 9 | R | Gearbox | 0 |
| 1989 Mexican Grand Prix | Tyrrell | 7 | 3 | Finished | 4 |
| 1989 Monaco Grand Prix | Tyrrell | 12 | 5 | +2 Laps | 2 |
| 1989 San Marino Grand Prix | Tyrrell | PL | F | Did not qualify | 0 |
| 1989 Brazilian Grand Prix | Tyrrell | 20 | 10 | +2 Laps | 0 |
| 1988 Australian Grand Prix | Ferrari | 12 | R | Collision | 0 |
| 1988 Japanese Grand Prix | Ferrari | 9 | 11 | +1 Lap | 0 |
| 1988 Spanish Grand Prix | Ferrari | 10 | R | Engine | 0 |
| 1988 Portuguese Grand Prix | Ferrari | 7 | 5 | Finished | 2 |
| 1988 Italian Grand Prix | Ferrari | 4 | 2 | Finished · fastest lap | 6 |
| 1988 Belgian Grand Prix | Ferrari | 4 | R | Engine | 0 |
| 1988 Hungarian Grand Prix | Ferrari | 15 | R | Electrical | 0 |
| 1988 German Grand Prix | Ferrari | 4 | 4 | Finished | 3 |
| 1988 British Grand Prix | Ferrari | 2 | 17 | Out of fuel | 0 |
| 1988 French Grand Prix | Ferrari | 4 | 3 | Finished | 4 |
| 1988 Detroit Grand Prix | Ferrari | 3 | R | Collision | 0 |
| 1988 Canadian Grand Prix | Ferrari | 4 | R | Engine | 0 |
| 1988 Mexican Grand Prix | Ferrari | 5 | 4 | +1 Lap | 3 |
| 1988 Monaco Grand Prix | Ferrari | 4 | 3 | Finished | 4 |
| 1988 San Marino Grand Prix | Ferrari | 10 | 18 | Engine | 0 |
| 1988 Brazilian Grand Prix | Ferrari | 6 | 5 | Finished | 2 |
| 1987 Australian Grand Prix | Ferrari | 6 | 2 | Finished | 6 |
| 1987 Japanese Grand Prix | Ferrari | 4 | 4 | Finished | 3 |
| 1987 Mexican Grand Prix | Ferrari | 9 | R | Engine | 0 |
| 1987 Spanish Grand Prix | Ferrari | 4 | 15 | Engine | 0 |
| 1987 Portuguese Grand Prix | Ferrari | 6 | R | Gearbox | 0 |
| 1987 Italian Grand Prix | Ferrari | 8 | R | Turbo | 0 |
| 1987 Austrian Grand Prix | Ferrari | 6 | R | Turbo | 0 |
| 1987 Hungarian Grand Prix | Ferrari | 5 | R | Engine | 0 |
| 1987 German Grand Prix | Ferrari | 5 | R | Turbo | 0 |
| 1987 British Grand Prix | Ferrari | 7 | R | Suspension | 0 |
| 1987 French Grand Prix | Ferrari | 8 | R | Engine | 0 |
| 1987 Detroit Grand Prix | Ferrari | 7 | R | Gearbox | 0 |
| 1987 Monaco Grand Prix | Ferrari | 5 | 3 | Finished | 4 |
| 1987 Belgian Grand Prix | Ferrari | 5 | R | Transmission | 0 |
| 1987 San Marino Grand Prix | Ferrari | 6 | 3 | Finished | 4 |
| 1987 Brazilian Grand Prix | Ferrari | 9 | 8 | Spun off | 0 |
| 1986 Australian Grand Prix | Ferrari | 9 | R | Accident | 0 |
| 1986 Mexican Grand Prix | Ferrari | 12 | R | Turbo | 0 |
| 1986 Portuguese Grand Prix | Ferrari | 13 | 5 | +1 Lap | 2 |
| 1986 Italian Grand Prix | Ferrari | 9 | R | Engine | 0 |
| 1986 Austrian Grand Prix | Ferrari | 9 | 2 | +1 Lap | 6 |
| 1986 Hungarian Grand Prix | Ferrari | 15 | R | Accident | 0 |
| 1986 German Grand Prix | Ferrari | 10 | R | Transmission | 0 |
| 1986 British Grand Prix | Ferrari | 12 | R | Turbo | 0 |
| 1986 French Grand Prix | Ferrari | 9 | 8 | +2 Laps | 0 |
| 1986 Detroit Grand Prix | Ferrari | 11 | 4 | Finished | 3 |
| 1986 Canadian Grand Prix | Ferrari | 11 | 8 | +1 Lap | 0 |
| 1986 Belgian Grand Prix | Ferrari | 9 | 4 | Finished | 3 |
| 1986 Monaco Grand Prix | Ferrari | 4 | R | Turbo | 0 |
| 1986 San Marino Grand Prix | Ferrari | 5 | 10 | Turbo | 0 |
| 1986 Spanish Grand Prix | Ferrari | 13 | R | Wheel bearing | 0 |
| 1986 Brazilian Grand Prix | Ferrari | 6 | R | Fuel system | 0 |
| 1985 Australian Grand Prix | Ferrari | 5 | R | Transmission | 0 |
| 1985 South African Grand Prix | Ferrari | 15 | R | Turbo | 0 |
| 1985 European Grand Prix | Ferrari | 15 | R | Turbo | 0 |
| 1985 Belgian Grand Prix | Ferrari | 4 | R | Clutch | 0 |
| 1985 Italian Grand Prix | Ferrari | 7 | 13 | Engine | 0 |
| 1985 Dutch Grand Prix | Ferrari | 16 | 4 | Finished | 3 |
| 1985 Austrian Grand Prix | Ferrari | 9 | 3 | Finished | 4 |
| 1985 German Grand Prix | Ferrari | 8 | 1 | Finished | 9 |
| 1985 British Grand Prix | Ferrari | 6 | 2 | +1 Lap | 6 |
| 1985 French Grand Prix | Ferrari | 3 | R | Turbo | 0 |
| 1985 Detroit Grand Prix | Ferrari | 3 | 3 | Finished | 4 |
| 1985 Canadian Grand Prix | Ferrari | 3 | 1 | Finished | 9 |
| 1985 Monaco Grand Prix | Ferrari | 3 | 2 | Finished · fastest lap | 6 |
| 1985 San Marino Grand Prix | Ferrari | 4 | R | Electrical · fastest lap | 0 |
| 1985 Portuguese Grand Prix | Ferrari | 5 | 2 | Finished | 6 |
| 1985 Brazilian Grand Prix | Ferrari | 1 (pole) | 2 | Finished | 6 |
| 1984 Portuguese Grand Prix | Ferrari | 8 | 4 | Finished | 3 |
| 1984 European Grand Prix | Ferrari | 5 | 2 | Finished | 6 |
| 1984 Italian Grand Prix | Ferrari | 11 | 2 | Finished | 6 |
| 1984 Dutch Grand Prix | Ferrari | 9 | R | Engine | 0 |
| 1984 Austrian Grand Prix | Ferrari | 12 | 3 | Finished | 4 |
| 1984 German Grand Prix | Ferrari | 6 | R | Engine | 0 |
| 1984 British Grand Prix | Ferrari | 9 | 5 | +1 Lap | 2 |
| 1984 Dallas Grand Prix | Ferrari | 9 | R | Spun off | 0 |
| 1984 Detroit Grand Prix | Ferrari | 4 | R | Engine | 0 |
| 1984 Canadian Grand Prix | Ferrari | 6 | R | Engine | 0 |
| 1984 Monaco Grand Prix | Ferrari | 4 | 6 | +1 Lap | 0.5 |
| 1984 French Grand Prix | Ferrari | 10 | R | Engine | 0 |
| 1984 San Marino Grand Prix | Ferrari | 13 | R | Exhaust | 0 |
| 1984 Belgian Grand Prix | Ferrari | 1 (pole) | 1 | Finished | 9 |
| 1984 South African Grand Prix | Ferrari | 10 | 11 | Ignition | 0 |
| 1984 Brazilian Grand Prix | Ferrari | 2 | R | Brakes | 0 |
| 1983 South African Grand Prix | Tyrrell | 18 | R | Engine | 0 |
| 1983 European Grand Prix | Tyrrell | 26 | R | Engine | 0 |
| 1983 Italian Grand Prix | Tyrrell | 24 | R | Clutch | 0 |
| 1983 Dutch Grand Prix | Tyrrell | 18 | 6 | +1 Lap | 1 |
| 1983 Austrian Grand Prix | Tyrrell | 18 | R | Collision | 0 |
| 1983 German Grand Prix | Tyrrell | 16 | R | Fuel pump | 0 |
| 1983 British Grand Prix | Tyrrell | 16 | 13 | +2 Laps | 0 |
| 1983 Canadian Grand Prix | Tyrrell | 17 | 8 | +2 Laps | 0 |
| 1983 Detroit Grand Prix | Tyrrell | 6 | 1 | Finished | 9 |
| 1983 Belgian Grand Prix | Tyrrell | 17 | 14 | +2 Laps | 0 |
| 1983 Monaco Grand Prix | Tyrrell | 11 | R | Collision | 0 |
| 1983 San Marino Grand Prix | Tyrrell | 13 | R | Collision | 0 |
| 1983 French Grand Prix | Tyrrell | 15 | 8 | +1 Lap | 0 |
| 1983 United States Grand Prix West | Tyrrell | 7 | 9 | +2 Laps | 0 |
| 1983 Brazilian Grand Prix | Tyrrell | 11 | R | Engine | 0 |
| 1982 Caesars Palace Grand Prix | Tyrrell | 3 | 1 | Finished · fastest lap | 9 |
| 1982 Italian Grand Prix | Tyrrell | 11 | 5 | +1 Lap | 2 |
| 1982 Swiss Grand Prix | Tyrrell | 12 | 7 | +1 Lap | 0 |
| 1982 Austrian Grand Prix | Tyrrell | 8 | R | Spun off | 0 |
| 1982 German Grand Prix | Tyrrell | 7 | 4 | +1 Lap | 3 |
| 1982 French Grand Prix | Tyrrell | 15 | 6 | Finished | 1 |
| 1982 British Grand Prix | Tyrrell | 9 | R | Engine | 0 |
| 1982 Dutch Grand Prix | Tyrrell | 14 | 7 | +1 Lap | 0 |
| 1982 Canadian Grand Prix | Tyrrell | 15 | R | Engine | 0 |
| 1982 Detroit Grand Prix | Tyrrell | 16 | R | Spun off | 0 |
| 1982 Monaco Grand Prix | Tyrrell | 9 | 10 | Suspension | 0 |
| 1982 Belgian Grand Prix | Tyrrell | 5 | R | Engine | 0 |
| 1982 San Marino Grand Prix | Tyrrell | 5 | 3 | Finished | 4 |
| 1982 United States Grand Prix West | Tyrrell | 12 | 4 | Finished | 3 |
| 1982 Brazilian Grand Prix | Tyrrell | 13 | 4 | Finished | 3 |
| 1982 South African Grand Prix | Tyrrell | 10 | 7 | +1 Lap | 0 |
| 1981 Caesars Palace Grand Prix | Tyrrell | 17 | 13 | Engine | 0 |
| 1981 Canadian Grand Prix | Tyrrell | 22 | 11 | +4 Laps | 0 |
| 1981 Italian Grand Prix | Tyrrell | 22 | R | Accident | 0 |
| 1981 Dutch Grand Prix | Tyrrell | 25 | 9 | Engine | 0 |
| 1981 Austrian Grand Prix | Tyrrell | 22 | R | Gearbox | 0 |
| 1981 German Grand Prix | Tyrrell | PL | F | Did not qualify | 0 |
| 1981 British Grand Prix | Tyrrell | 19 | R | Clutch | 0 |
| 1981 French Grand Prix | Tyrrell | 23 | 16 | +3 Laps | 0 |
| 1981 Spanish Grand Prix | Tyrrell | PL | F | Did not qualify | 0 |
| 1981 Monaco Grand Prix | Tyrrell | 20 | R | Collision | 0 |
| 1981 Belgian Grand Prix | Tyrrell | 19 | 12 | +2 Laps | 0 |
| 1981 San Marino Grand Prix | Tyrrell | 17 | R | Collision | 0 |